All About Polarization-maintaining Fibers

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Optical fibers even if have a circularly symmetric design always exhibit some degree of birefringence because in practice you will always find some amount of mechanical stress or other effects which breaks the symmetry. The polarization maintaining of light changes in an uncontrolled way gradually. By using a polarization-maintaining fiber the above problem can be fixed and it is not a fiber without birefringence but on the contrary a speciality fiber with a strong built-in birefringence (high-birefringence fiber or HIBI fiber, PM fiber). The polarization maintaining splitter of light which is launched into the fiber is aligned with one of the birefringent axes and even if the fiber is bent this polarization state will be preserved. The physical principle present behind this can only be understood in terms of coherent mode coupling. Due to the strong birefringence, the propagation constants of the two polarization modes are significantly different and because of it the relative phase of such co-propagating modes rapidly drifts away. During heating, the fibres are slowly stretched and tapered.

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